Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte I / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Guía de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) para el manejo de la vía aérea difícil. Parte II / Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II

La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR) Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management.

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

Current practice of rapid sequence induction in adults: A national survey among anesthesiologists in Spain. / Práctica actual de la inducción de secuencia rápida en adultos: una encuesta nacional entre anestesiólogos en España.

BACKGROUND: Rapid sequence induction (RSI) in adults has undergone changes in recent years due to pharmacological and technological advances. The objective of this survey was to evaluate current practice among Spanish anesthesiologists. METHODS: A 31-item questionnaire regarding RSI practice was sent to anesthesiologists working in Spanish public hospitals. Differences in responses according to the type of hospital or experience of the respondent were compared for all data using the chi-square and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Approximately 15.89% of Spanish anesthesiologists participated in the survey (1002 questionnaires). The results show considerable heterogeneity in most aspects of RSI. Less than 20% of respondents administer sodium citrate. Sixty-four percent place a nasogastric tube in patients with intestinal obstruction. Gastric residue is assessed by ultrasound in 6% of cases. Only 25% of respondents measure ETO2 to check the effectiveness of preoxygenation, and 22% use nasal oxygen insufflation with nasal prongs or THRIVE. Sixty two percent of respondents apply cricoid pressure, but only 50% release the pressure when encountering intubation difficulty. Up to 40% of respondents reported cases of aspiration despite applying cricoid pressure. Propofol was the most commonly used hypnotic (97.6%), but there was no clear preference in the choice of neuromuscular relaxant (suxamethonium versus rocuronium ratio of approximately 1:1). Only 44% of respondents calculated the dose of sugammadex that would be required for emergency reversal of rocuronium. CONCLUSIONS: The survey showed significant variation in RSI practice, similar to that of other countries. Quality prospective studies are needed to standardize clinical practice.

Tension hydrothorax: Emergency decompression of a pleural cause of cardiac tamponade.

INTRODUCTION: A tension hydrothorax is defined as a massive pleural effusion presenting with hemodynamic abnormalities secondary to mediastinal compression. In these patients pleural volume increases intrathoracic pressure to the point of compromising diastolic filling and cardiac output simulating a cardiac tamponade physiology. This is an uncommon yet potentially fatal medical emergency that if left untreated may progress to cardiac arrest. Early detection and rapid intervention of these patients prevents cardiorespiratory collapse. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a two-case report of patients presenting with malignant tension hydrothoraxes decompressed with ultrasound-guided thoracentesis and tube thoracostomy in the ED. CONCLUSION: Although these life-saving decompressive interventions appear simple, not having proper training is an independent factor for chest tube and thoracentesis complications. Courses and simulation training can benefit physicians to minimize potential complications when managing emergency conditions such as tension hydrothoraxes which continue to be a medical challenge. Whether thoracentesis or thoracostomy is superior in managing this condition remains in debate and a clinical dilemma.

[Blind tracheal intubation through two supraglottic devices: i-gel versus Fastrach intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA)]. / Intubación traqueal "a ciegas" a través de dos dispositivos supraglóticos: i-gel frente a mascarilla laríngea de intubación ILMA-Fastrach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of supraglottic devices as a means of rescue in patients difficult to intubate or ventilate has increased in the field of anaesthetics and in emergency medicine. This study is designed to evaluate the success rate of blind intubations using two supraglottic devices, the Fastrach ILMA and the i-gel mask. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 80 patients (40 per group) were included. After positioning them a leak test was performed, the glottis view was checked with a fibrobronchoscope, and an attempt was made to introduce an endotracheal tube through the device, and the procedure was repeated. Adequate ventilation was evaluated, as well as the grade of fibrobronchoscope view, the success of the intubation, and the complications observed after their use. RESULTS: There were no differences in the incidence of adequate ventilation with either device. The glottis view (Brimacombe scale) was better with i-gel (77.78% versus 68.42%) at the second attempt, but not on the first. A higher percentage of intubations were achieved with the Fastrach ILMA (70% versus 40%; P=.013). The incidence of throat pain was similar with both devices, but post-operative dysphonia was more frequent with i-gel (20% versus 0; P=.0053). CONCLUSIONS: Both devices were equally effective in achieving adequate ventilation; however, the Fastrach ILMA enabled a higher number of intubations to be made than i-gel and with a lower incidence of post-operative dysphonia.

Intubación traqueal "a ciegas" a través de dos dispositivos supraglóticos: i-gel frente a mascarilla laríngea de intubación ILMA-Fastrach / Blind tracheal intubation through two supraglottic devices: i-gel versus Fastrach intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA)

Introducción y objetivos: El empleo de dispositivos supraglóticos como medida de rescate en pacientes con dificultades para la intubación y/o ventilación se ha incrementado en el ámbito de la anestesia y de la medicina de emergencias. Este estudio se diseñó para evaluar la tasa de éxito de intubación "a ciegas" a través de dos dispositivos supraglóticos: la ILMA-Fastrach y la mascarilla i-gel. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyó a 80 pacientes (40 por grupo). Tras la colocación, se realizó un test de fugas, se comprobó la visión glótica con un fibrobroncoscopio y se intentó la introducción de un tubo endotraqueal a través del dispositivo. Si el intento resultaba fallido, se retiraba el dispositivo y se repetía el procedimiento. Se evaluaron la ventilación adecuada, el grado de visión fibrobroncoscópica, el éxito en la intubación y las complicaciones observadas tras su uso. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en la incidencia de ventilación adecuada entre los dispositivos. La visión glótica (escala de Brimacombe) fue mejor con i-gel (el 77,78 frente al 68,42%) al segundo intento, pero no en el primero. Se consiguió una mayor porcentaje de intubaciones "a ciegas" con ILMA-Fastrach (el 70 frente al 40%; p = 0,013). La incidencia de dolor de garganta fue similar con ambos dispositivos, pero la disfonía postoperatoria fue más frecuente con i-gel (el 20% frente a 0; p = 0,0053). Conclusiones: Ambos dispositivos fueron igual de eficaces para conseguir una adecuada ventilación; sin embargo, ILMA-Fastrach permitió mayor número de intubaciones que igel con menos incidencia de disfonía postoperatoria(AU)

Background and objectives: The use of supraglottic devices as a means of rescue in patients difficult to intubate or ventilate has increased in the field of anaesthetics and in emergency medicine. This study is designed to evaluate the success rate of blind intubations using two supraglottic devices, the Fastrach ILMA and the i-gel mask. Patients and methods: A total of 80 patients (40 per group) were included. After positioning them a leak test was performed, the glottis view was checked with a fibrobronchoscope, and an attempt was made to introduce an endotracheal tube through the device, and the procedure was repeated. Adequate ventilation was evaluated, as well as the grade of fibrobronchoscope view, the success of the intubation, and the complications observed after their use. Results: There were no differences in the incidence of adequate ventilation with either device. The glottis view (Brimacombe scale) was better with i-gel (77.78% versus 68.42%) at the second attempt, but not on the first. A higher percentage of intubations were achieved with the Fastrach ILMA (70% versus 40%; P=.013). The incidence of throat pain was similar with both devices, but post-operative dysphonia was more frequent with i-gel (20% versus 0; P=.0053). Conclusions: Both devices were equally effective in achieving adequate ventilation; however, the Fastrach ILMA enabled a higher number of intubations to be made than i-gel and with a lower incidence of post-operative dysphonia(AU)

Spinal anesthesia in pediatric patients.

Spinal anesthesia (SA) in pediatrics began to be used in the late nineteenth century in multiple procedures, with priority for high-risk and former preterm infants, for its suggested protective role compared to the development of postoperative apnea with general anesthesia (GA). In children, higher doses of local anesthetics are required with a shorter duration of action and a greater hemodynamic stability compared to adults. The puncture must be performed in the L4-L5 or L5-S1 spaces to prevent spinal injuries. The practice of SA in pediatric patients requires skill and experience; failure rates of up to 28% have been reported. The drugs most commonly used for SA are tetracaine and bupivacaine alone or with adjuvants. SA complications are rare and often without consequences, except for postdural puncture headaches and backaches. Although SA is today considered safe and effective for pediatric patients, it remains relatively underutilized compared to GA.

Fibroma osificante de mandíbula: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Mandibular ossifying fibroma: case report and literature review

Dentro de las lesiones fibro-óseas benignas se encuentra el fibromaosificante (FO); esta entidad se considera una verdadera neoplasia quecomprende una proliferación encapsulada de tejido fibroso; que afecta generalmentea los maxilares especialmente a la mandíbula en la región de molares.Su crecimiento es lento, pudiendo generar el desplazamiento dentario,incluso la rizólisis de los mismos.Para el diagnóstico de FO se requiere de la correlación clínica-radiológica, conlos hallazgos intraoperatorios; ya que la histología puede presentar similitudescon otras lesiones fibro-óseas.Se describe el caso de un paciente tratado en nuestro servicio por fibroma osificantede maxilar inferior(AU)

The benign fibro-osseous lesions include ossifying fibroma(OF). This condition is considered to be a true neoplasm consistingof an encapsulated proliferation of fibrous tissue that generallyaffects the jaws, especially the molar region of the mandible. Itsgrowth is slow and it can cause tooth displacement, including dentalrhizolysis.In order to reach the diagnosis of OF, a clinico-radiologic correlationwith intraoperative findings is required because the histology maybe similar to other fibro-osseous lesions.The case of a patient treated in our department for ossifying fibromaof the mandible is reported(AU)

Evolución a corto y medio plazo de la prótesis total de rodilla con tratamiento rehabilitador / Short and middle term course of total knee prosthesis with rehabilitating treatment

Introducción. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son conocer el perfil clínico de los pacientes que son sometidos a la sustitución protésica de rodilla, los factores hospitalarios y rehabilitadores implicados en la misma y su evolución a corto (alta de rehabilitación y año) y medio plazo (5 años).Pacientes y métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo sobre 79 pacientes sometidos a implante protésico de rodilla en el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 1997 y el 31 de diciembre del mismo año. Se analizaron entre otras las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, media, antecedentes patológicos, clínica (dolor y función según la escala Knee Society Score [KSS]), estancia media y posquirúrgica, componentes protésicos, complicaciones, tratamiento rehabilitador durante el ingreso y ambulatorio. Se valoraron los resultados al alta de rehabilitación, al año y a los 5 años, utilizando la escala KSS. Resultados. La muestra tenía una media de edad de 67 años y predominio del sexo femenino (3:1) y de pacientes provenientes del medio rural (3:1). Entre los antecedentes patológicos con posible influencia en el implante destacaron la obesidad y la espondiloartrosis. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la gonartrosis (75,9 por ciento), seguido de los procesos secundarios a reumatismos inflamatorios (15,2 por ciento). La puntuación media previa a la intervención para el dolor fue 11,9 y para la función 46,5. La estancia media fue 13,6 días. Se detectaron complicaciones mayores en el 24 por ciento de los pacientes. Durante su ingreso los pacientes recibieron una media de 4,8 sesiones de tratamiento rehabilitador (mediana: 6). Continuaron tratamiento rehabilitador al alta de forma inmediata el 82,3 por ciento de la serie, con un promedio de 32 sesiones. Las puntuaciones medias al alta de rehabilitación, al año y 5 años fueron para el dolor 39,4/39,7/38,1; mientras que para la función fueron 57,3/69,3/65,6. En los 5 años de seguimiento fue reintervenido un 30 por ciento de los pacientes (7 recambios, 13 artroplastias en rodilla contralateral y 4 implantes de cadera).Conclusiones. El estudio muestra buenos resultados tras implante protésico y tratamiento rehabilitador constatables al alta de rehabilitación. Al año de la intervención prosigue la mejoría conseguida al alta del tratamiento en Rehabilitación, manteniéndose a los 5 años (AU)

Dolor agudo postoperatorio (DAP) en cirugía general / Postoperative acute pain (PAP) in general surgery

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Left-sided cardiac gas embolism produced by hydrogen peroxide: intraoperative diagnosis using transesophageal echocardiography.

IMPLICATIONS: We present a case of an adult who suffered a left-sided gas embolism after surgical lavage of the thoracic cavity with hydrogen peroxide. An intraoperative diagnosis was made using transesophageal echocardiography.

[Changes in the immunologic status related to the duration of the anesthesia/surgery procedure]. / Alteraciones del estado inmunológico en función de la duración del acto anestésico-quirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the trauma of anesthesia and surgery, and their duration, on immune status. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing cholecystectomy were studied in 2 groups. In group A surgery was of short duration ( < 60 min) and in group B surgery was longer ( > 60 min). Immunological analysis were performed at 5 times: t0 (before surgery), t1 (1 h), t2 (24 h), t3 (4 days) and t4 (7 days). RESULTS: Group A patients experienced a non significant decrease in T lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, with levels returning to normal after 7 days. T-suppression, on the other hand, decreased significantly in the first 24 h, but gradually returned to normal after 7 days. T lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes decreased in group B and regressed after 7 days. The population of B lymphocytes decreased significantly and had not fully recovered 7 days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The act of anesthesia/surgery depresses immune response in function of duration, with the effect being greater when surgery lasts longer.